I think I misunderstood your question at first. In these cases the 을 particle is not an object particle but seems to function as causing the preceding word or words to describe the following word or phrase in the sense of time.
(Lets have these two get married when they are 30 ok?)
우리 30살 됐을 때 결혼하자 Let's get married when we turn 30
대학 다녔을 때 배웠어요 - I learned it while attending college.
대학(college) 다녔다(attended) 때(time/season) now add 을, 대학 다녔
을 때 and attended college now describes the time or season, e.g. 'when I attended college' or you could think of the preposition "at" and apply it this way 'AT the time I attended college.'
Here are some other examples, and a complicated Korean dictionary explanation that even my Korean born-and-educated wife shook her head at and went back to the kitchen (honest):
http://krdic.naver.com/detail.nhn?docid=30059300
Last thought: Don't stress over these little conjunctive particles, just do lots and lots of drills until you absorb it. Even many Koreans cannot explain these but they know what they mean and how they are used.
On the stairway of language one may not fully understand step 3 until one reaches step 50. Keep climbing.
It sure would be great to hear some others weigh in on this