Here's what I know so far:
~고 나서 ~ is used for two sequential actions (then):
저 는 수영을 하고 나서 샤워를 해요.
I go swimming, then take a shower.
~(으)면서 ~ is used for two simultaneous actions (while):
저는 아침에 뉴스를 보면서 아침밥을 먹어요.
I watch the news while eating breakfast.
I've seen ~다가 ~ used to temporally link two verbs as well, but am not sure where it fits into the limits above. For example:
샤워하다가 전화를 받았어요.
Would suggest that it's the same as ~고 나서 ~. Is there some additional meaning I'm missing?